History of Goa

Goa Tenders

Goa is India's smallest state; it is located on the west coast of India in the region known as Konkan. Goa was ruled by the Portuguese for 450 years till it was liberated from the Portuguese to form a part of India on 19th December 1961. Goa has a long history of rulers dating back to the 3 rd century bc when it was the part of the Mauryan empire. Goa has been ruled by numerous rulers like the Silharas, Kadamdas, Chaukyans, kings of Deccan, kings of Vijaynagar, Adilshah of Bijapur and last but not least the Portuguese who were the most successful of them all. The Portuguese came in 1498 and were the first Europeans to set foot in India, they soon established a trading colony for the sole purpose of dealing with spices and cotton and later ended up ruling the state when the Portuguese admiral Alfonso de Albuquere defeated the ruling Bijapur kings on the behalf of a local sovereign.

Goa encompasses an area of 3702 square kilometers. It is bounded by the state of Maharastra on the north and Karnataka on the east and the south .The Arabian Sea makes up the states west coast. Goa has a coast line of 101 kms which comprises of beautiful beaches. Its main rivers are the Mandovi, the Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora and Betul. The Mandovi and Zuari are the life lines of the state. Goa has one of the best natural habours in South Asia known as Mormugao. Goa being in the tropical zone has a warm and humid climate. Goa consists of 3 seasons namely the summer, rainy or the wet season and the cool season. Temperatures can reach a max of 35 degrees in summer and 18 degrees in the cool season, the rainy or wet season last between June and September.

Goa is one of India's richest states with a GDP per capita of one and a half times that of the country. Tourism is Goa's primary industry followed by the fishing industry and the mining industry. Rice is the main agricultural crop followed by cashew and coconut. Panjim is Goa's administrative capital and the hub of the business industry. Panjim lies on the left side of the river Mandovi over looking Goa's legislative capital Porvorim. Konkani is Goa's primary spoken language, English and Marathi is the language used for official literacy or educational purposes. Hindi, India's national language is also spoken as a second or third language.

Rice and fish curry is the staple diet of the people of Goa. Coconut is widely used in the preparation of many dishes along with chilli,spices and vinegar. Some of Goa's most sought after dishes are prawn curry and rice, crab xec xec, pork vindaloo, sorpotel, sannas and last but not the least the best dessert of the state bebinca. The most popular local alcoholic beverage is feni. Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the cashew fruit while coconut feni is made from the sap of the coconut palm tree locally known as toddy or sur in Konkani.

Since Goa consists mainly of Hindus and Christians, Christmas, Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, New Years Day, Shigmo and the Carnival are the most celebrated festivals in the state. Goans have a great love for music which can be seen widely in the state through the numerous dances, bands festivals, concerts or dramatical plays or tiatrts as they are often called. Manddo the traditional Goan folkore music which originated in the nineteenth century is sung and danced on special occasions. Goa also has two world heritage sites the Basillica of Bom Jesus and a few designated Convents. The Basillica of Bom Jesus holds the mortal remains of Saint Francis Xavier regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa. The Velhos Conquistas regions are also known for its Indo Portuguese style and architecture in many parts of Goa. Mansions constructed in the Indo Portuguese style architecture still stand. Fontainhas in Panjim has been declared a cultural quarter and are used as a living museum showcasing the life architecture and culture of Goa. Goa also has many famous national parks and reserves including the renowned Salim Ali bird sanctuary, the Bondla wildlife sanctuary, Molem wildlife sanctuary to name a few.

History of Delhi

 Delhi Tenders

Pandavas

According to the Indian History Mahabharata, a city called Indraprastha, "City of the God Indra", was the capital of the Pandavas. There is a strong proof that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha. Northern Black Polished Ware (c. 700-200 BCE) have been excavated at the site, and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface, suggesting an even older settlement, possibly going back to ca. 1000 BCE According to Indian history Mahabharata, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian History Mahabharata, founded in the second millennium BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat. Later Kurus were defeated by the non-Vedic Salva tribe.

 

Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)

The first Mughal Emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Agra, unlike the preceding Delhi Sultanate. In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah. Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlaqabad fort area in Battle of Delhi (1556), Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, and was bestowed with the title 'Vikramaditya', at his coronation in Purana Quila, Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the second battle of Panipat by Mughal forces led by Akbar's regent Bairam Khan, thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.

 

Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)

The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, continued to ruled from Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the Jama Masjid.The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.

 

Old Delhi or Purani Dilli is an area part of the greater city of Delhi, India. It was founded as a walled city named Shahjahanabad in 1639, when Shah Jahan (the Mughal emperor at the time) decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra. The construction of the city was completed in 1648, and it remained the capital of the Mughal Empire until its fall in 1857, when the British Raj took over as paramount power in India. It was once filled with mansions of nobles and members of the royal court, along with elegant mosques and gardens. Despite having become extremely crowded by recent wave of migrants from East India, it still serves as the symbolic heart of metropolitan Delhi and is known for its bazaars, street food, shopping locations and its Islamic architecture; Jama Masjid being the most notable example, standing tall in the midst of the old city. Only a few havelis are left and maintained.

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History of Daman and Diu

Daman and Diu Tenders

Daman gets its name from the Daman Ganga River, whereas Diu gets its name from the Sanskrit word dvipa, which means "island." Both were subject to numerous local and regional powers ruling in western India from the period of the Mauryans (4th–2nd century BCE). Daman was a part of the Ramnagar state in the 13th century, which later became a tributary of the Gujarat sultans. In Kathiawar (Saurashtra), a number of dynasties controlled Diu till it succumbed to the Sultan of Gujarat in the early 15th century.

The Portuguese bought Daman and Diu as part of a big plan to control the Indian Ocean trade. In 1535, Sultan Bahdur Shah of Gujarat signed a pact with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort at Diu, a key port on the thriving commerce and religious routes connecting India and the Middle East. All Gujarati ships entering and leaving the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) ports were forced to pay Portuguese taxes by the mid-1550s. A Jesuit college was built by the Portuguese in Diu. Daman gets its name from the Daman Ganga River, whereas Diu gets its name from the Sanskrit word dvipa, which means "island." Both were subject to numerous local and regional powers ruling in western India from the period of the Mauryans (4th–2nd century BCE). In the 13th century Daman formed part of the Ramnagar state, which then became a tributary of the Gujarat sultans.Similarly, numerous dynasties in Kathiawar (Saurashtra) ruled Diu until it fell to the sultan of Gujarat in the early 15th century.The Portuguese acquired Daman and Diu as part of their grand design to control the trade of the Indian Ocean. In 1535, under a treaty with Sultan Bahādur. Which was converted into the majestic Cathedral of Sé Matriz about the turn of the 17th century; the cathedral remains a landmark today.Renowned for its docks and shipbuilding yards, Daman (known in Portuguese as Damão) was conquered by the Portuguese in 1559.

Both Daman and Diu were subject to the governor-general of Goa as part of the Portuguese overseas province Estado da India (State of India). They remained under Portuguese rule for more than four centuries, though the decline of the Portuguese empire in Asia greatly diminished their strategic significance. Daman and Diu survived as outposts of Portuguese overseas territory until 1961, when they became part of India.

Resource link by: www.britannica.com