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Geography

Location of Dadra and Nagar Haveli The area of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is spread over 491 square kilometres (190 sq mi).

Its population density is 698 square kilometres (269 sq mi). Though landlocked between Gujarat to the north and Maharashtra to the south, it is close to the western coast of India (between 20°0′ and 20°25′ N latitude and between 72°50′ and 73°15′ E longitude),and the Arabian Sea can be reached via Vapi in Gujarat.Dadra and Nagar Haveli comprises two separate geographical units. The larger part—Nagar Haveli—spans a roughly C-shaped area upriver from the city of Daman on the coast, at the centre of which, straddling the border with Gujarat, is the Madhuban reservoir. The smaller enclave of Dadra is a short distance to the northwest. Dadra and Nagar Haveli is in the middle of the undulating watershed of the Daman Ganga River, which flows through Nagar Haveli and later forms the short southern border of Dadra. The towns of Dadra and Silvassa lie on the north bank of the river. The Western Ghats range rises to the east, and the foothills of the range occupy the eastern portion of the district.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli is surrounded by Valsad District of Gujarat on the west, north, and east, and by Thane District of Maharashtra on the south and southeast (after the division of Thane District, it is now surrounded by the newly formed Palghar District) Maghval is a small enclave village belonging to Gujarat that is located within Nagar Haveli, just south of Silvassa.The nearest railway station are Bhilad & Vapi in Gujarat on the Mumbai-Delhi route ( Western Railways )  Bhilad is about 14 km west of Silvassa & Vapi is about 18 km northwest of Silvassa. Mumbai is approximately 180 km from Silvassa. Surat city is about 140 km away. Mumbai and Surat are the nearest airports

Portuguese era

The Portuguese were granted the area of Nagar Haveli on 10 June 1783 on the basis of Friendship Treaty executed on 17 December 1779 as compensation towards damage to the Portuguese frigate Santana by Maratha Navy in 1772 The treaty allowed the Portuguese to collect revenue from 72 villages in Nagar Haveli.

Then, in 1785 the Portuguese purchased Dadra, annexing it to Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia).In 1818, the Maratha Empire was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and the Portuguese ultimately became the effective rulers of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.Under the Portuguese rule, Dadra and Nagar Haveli were part of the Distrito de Damão (Daman district) of the Estado da Índia (Portuguese State of India). The two territories formed a single concelho (municipality), named "Nagar Haveli", with its head in Darará until 1885 and, after that, with its head in the town of Silvassa.

The local affairs were overseen by an elected câmara municipal (municipal council), with the higher level affairs administrated by the district governor of Daman, who was represented in Nagar Haveli by an administrator.The Nagar Haveli concelho was itself divided in the following freguesias (civil parishes): Silvassa, Noroli, Dadra, Quelalunim, Randá, Darará, Cadoli, Canoel, Carchonde, and Sindonim. The Portuguese rule lasted until 1954, when Dadra and Nagar Haveli were captured by supporters of the Indian Union. It was the first colony to be detached from the Empire by the occupation of the Indian Union in 1954, after nearly two centuries of Portuguese rule.

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Face mask may refer to:

• an item of protective equipmentthat primarily guards the airways:

  • Respirator

  • Surgical mask

  • Cloth face mask

  • Dust mask

• Diving mask, for use underwater

• Facemask (orthodontics), used for correcting teeth misalignments

• Facial mask, used for cosmetic skin treatment

• Face mask (gridiron football), in sports

• A maskfor the face, typically used in rituals and performance art

• Face mask (We people), a West African wooden mask at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana, US

• Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

• Hypomimia or masked facies, a medical sign

• Full face mask, for SCUBA diving

• Simple face mask, for oxygen therapy

• All pages with titles containing face mask or face mask

• All pages with titles beginning with Face Mask

• Mask (disambiguation)

• Face (disambiguation)

 

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks, such as surgical masks and cloth masks, have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In both community and healthcare settings, their use is intended as source control to limit transmission of the virus and personal protection to prevent infection. Their function for source control is emphasized in community settings.

As the pandemic raged on, healthcare workers were required to continue wearing surgical masks for 12 or more hours a day. This caused the ear loops of the masks to chafe the back of their ears. Ear savers, plastic straps and hooks that go around wearer's heads, were invented to move the ear loops away from the wearer's ears. They could be made on demand by using 3D printing process.

9 Types of Masks and How Effective They Are

> Bandana

A bandana is a triangular or square piece of cloth that’s often worn as a head or neck covering.

Tying a bandana over your mouth and nose is a time-honored way to keep dust and other particles out of the respiratory system. (That’s why cowboys used them during roundups.)Bandanas provide some protection against droplets and cough- or sneeze-related “spray.” Without any kind of nose or mouth covering, droplets can spray more than 8 feet, according to research from Florida Atlantic University. Wearing a bandana can decrease that to about 4 feet.

> Homemade cloth mask

According to an article published in The Journal of Family Practice, single-layer masks may only provide 1% particle filtration.

A two-layer cotton mask filters out about 35% of small particles, so they offer personal protection to the wearer. Cotton face masks can decrease droplet spray from 8 feet to 2 ½ inches, which reduces the amount of potentially virus-containing particles you release into the air (were you to be infected and not know it.)The effectiveness of a homemade cloth face mask largely depends upon its construction. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, densely woven cotton fabrics, such as quilting cotton, are best. Single-layer fabric masks are less effective than double-layer masks, which may be less effective than triple-layer masks.

> T-shirt mask

Numerous online tutorials show how to craft a face mask from an old T-shirt. T-shirt masks are cheap and easy to make, but they’re not the most effective.

According to a 2013 study published in Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, T-shirt masks are one-third as effective as disposable surgical masks.The upside of T-shirt masks: they’re comfortable, as the slightly stretchy material conforms to the face. You may be able to increase the effectiveness of a T-shirt mask by using more than one layer of material.

> Store-bought cloth mask

The effectiveness of a store-bought cloth mask will depend on its construction. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, you should look for a mask with at least three layers of fabric; ideally, you want a mask constructed from tight-weave 100% cotton cloth.A typical cloth face mask “is probably at least 50 percent” protective, while “high quality masks could be 80-95 percent protective, and even low-quality masks made of very thin materials could still be 10-20 percent protective,” according to Steffen Eikenberry, a postdoctoral scholar at Arizona State University who’s studied the effectiveness of masks.

> Cloth masks with filter

Some store-bought masks come with filter pockets; you can also make cloth masks with a pocket for a filter.

You can use folded facial tissues as a filter; simply slip the folded tissue into the filter pocket. Change the tissue filter daily.In an NPR report, May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health, recommends using a filter of polypropylene material, a durable synthetic fabric often used in upholstery that can hold an electrostatic charge (which helps it trap small particles). Adding a polypropylene filter to a two-layer cloth mask can increase filtration efficiency from 35% to nearly 70%.Caution about vented masks: Masks with exhalation valves or vents should not be worn to help prevent the person wearing the mask from spreading COVID-19 to others. That is because the vent allows unfiltered air to escape.

> Neck gaiters and balaclavas

Outdoors enthusiasts often have neck gaiters (essentially, a tube of fabric that’s worn around the neck and can be pulled up or down, as needed, to protect the face and neck) or balaclavas (tight-fitting garments that cover the head and neck) on hand.

These can be used as mouth and nose coverings and may provide some protection against spread of the novel coronavirus.Note: many gaiters are made of synthetic fabric, and synthetic fabric doesn’t seem to be as effective in preventing the spread of small particles as natural fibers, such as cotton. What's more, a recent study found that neck gaiters made of synthetic fleece may do more harm than good because they essentially aerosolize the wearer's respiratory droplets.

> Disposable surgical mask

These flat, thin, paper-like masks are usually white and light blue. According to a 2013 study published in Aerosol Science and Technology, surgical face masks can filter out about 60% of smaller, inhaled particles. They are primarily intended to stop droplets, sprays and splatters, and studies have shown that diligently wearing surgical masks in public spaces can significantly reduce the spread of respiratory infection.Surgical masks are not designed to be used more than once. Ideally, you should dispose of a mask after wearing it.

>  Cone-style masks

Manufactured cone-style face masks are molded masks that fit over the mouth and nose; usually, there’s also a strip of metal at the top, so the wearer can secure the mask at the bridge of the nose.

According to a study by Arizona State University researchers, cone-style face masks are less effective at containing droplets and spray than cloth face masks constructed of quilting cotton. The cone-style masks are more effective than a bandana.

>  N95, KN95 and other respirators

N95 face respirators offer the most protection against novel coronavirus and other respiratory diseases. N95s protect the person wearing the mask because they filter out 95% of particles from the air breathed in. Wearing any of the other masks in the list (cotton and disposable) are intended to protect others around you from your own respiratory droplets and “spray.” However, the CDC states that cloth and disposable masks also filter particles at varying efficiencies, so they offer personal protection as well.However, N95 masks are in short supply and should be reserved for healthcare providers. The CDC does not recommend the general public wear N95 masks. In fact, if you have any N95 respirators, you should consider donating them to your local hospital for first responders.KN95 respirators are made to China specifications and standards and N95s are made to U.S. design standards. Both are rated to filter out 95% of very small particles. Buy KN95s that meet the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requirements. About 60% of KN95s in the U.S. may be fake and do not meet NIOSH requirements, according to the CDC.Even more effective than N95 respirators are the N99 (99% filtration), N100 (99.97% filtration), R95 (95% filtration, and partially resistant to oil), and P95, P99 and P100 (95%, 99% and 99.97% filtration, respectively, and strongly oil resistant). Refer to the CDC for more information on respirators.

resource link by : Wikipedia