History of Goa

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Goa is India's smallest state; it is located on the west coast of India in the region known as Konkan. Goa was ruled by the Portuguese for 450 years till it was liberated from the Portuguese to form a part of India on 19th December 1961. Goa has a long history of rulers dating back to the 3 rd century bc when it was the part of the Mauryan empire. Goa has been ruled by numerous rulers like the Silharas, Kadamdas, Chaukyans, kings of Deccan, kings of Vijaynagar, Adilshah of Bijapur and last but not least the Portuguese who were the most successful of them all. The Portuguese came in 1498 and were the first Europeans to set foot in India, they soon established a trading colony for the sole purpose of dealing with spices and cotton and later ended up ruling the state when the Portuguese admiral Alfonso de Albuquere defeated the ruling Bijapur kings on the behalf of a local sovereign.

Goa encompasses an area of 3702 square kilometers. It is bounded by the state of Maharastra on the north and Karnataka on the east and the south .The Arabian Sea makes up the states west coast. Goa has a coast line of 101 kms which comprises of beautiful beaches. Its main rivers are the Mandovi, the Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora and Betul. The Mandovi and Zuari are the life lines of the state. Goa has one of the best natural habours in South Asia known as Mormugao. Goa being in the tropical zone has a warm and humid climate. Goa consists of 3 seasons namely the summer, rainy or the wet season and the cool season. Temperatures can reach a max of 35 degrees in summer and 18 degrees in the cool season, the rainy or wet season last between June and September.

Goa is one of India's richest states with a GDP per capita of one and a half times that of the country. Tourism is Goa's primary industry followed by the fishing industry and the mining industry. Rice is the main agricultural crop followed by cashew and coconut. Panjim is Goa's administrative capital and the hub of the business industry. Panjim lies on the left side of the river Mandovi over looking Goa's legislative capital Porvorim. Konkani is Goa's primary spoken language, English and Marathi is the language used for official literacy or educational purposes. Hindi, India's national language is also spoken as a second or third language.

Rice and fish curry is the staple diet of the people of Goa. Coconut is widely used in the preparation of many dishes along with chilli,spices and vinegar. Some of Goa's most sought after dishes are prawn curry and rice, crab xec xec, pork vindaloo, sorpotel, sannas and last but not the least the best dessert of the state bebinca. The most popular local alcoholic beverage is feni. Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the cashew fruit while coconut feni is made from the sap of the coconut palm tree locally known as toddy or sur in Konkani.

Since Goa consists mainly of Hindus and Christians, Christmas, Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, New Years Day, Shigmo and the Carnival are the most celebrated festivals in the state. Goans have a great love for music which can be seen widely in the state through the numerous dances, bands festivals, concerts or dramatical plays or tiatrts as they are often called. Manddo the traditional Goan folkore music which originated in the nineteenth century is sung and danced on special occasions. Goa also has two world heritage sites the Basillica of Bom Jesus and a few designated Convents. The Basillica of Bom Jesus holds the mortal remains of Saint Francis Xavier regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa. The Velhos Conquistas regions are also known for its Indo Portuguese style and architecture in many parts of Goa. Mansions constructed in the Indo Portuguese style architecture still stand. Fontainhas in Panjim has been declared a cultural quarter and are used as a living museum showcasing the life architecture and culture of Goa. Goa also has many famous national parks and reserves including the renowned Salim Ali bird sanctuary, the Bondla wildlife sanctuary, Molem wildlife sanctuary to name a few.

History of Delhi

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Pandavas

According to the Indian History Mahabharata, a city called Indraprastha, "City of the God Indra", was the capital of the Pandavas. There is a strong proof that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha. Northern Black Polished Ware (c. 700-200 BCE) have been excavated at the site, and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface, suggesting an even older settlement, possibly going back to ca. 1000 BCE According to Indian history Mahabharata, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian History Mahabharata, founded in the second millennium BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat. Later Kurus were defeated by the non-Vedic Salva tribe.

 

Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)

The first Mughal Emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Agra, unlike the preceding Delhi Sultanate. In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah. Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlaqabad fort area in Battle of Delhi (1556), Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, and was bestowed with the title 'Vikramaditya', at his coronation in Purana Quila, Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the second battle of Panipat by Mughal forces led by Akbar's regent Bairam Khan, thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.

 

Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707)

The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, continued to ruled from Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the Jama Masjid.The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.

 

Old Delhi or Purani Dilli is an area part of the greater city of Delhi, India. It was founded as a walled city named Shahjahanabad in 1639, when Shah Jahan (the Mughal emperor at the time) decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra. The construction of the city was completed in 1648, and it remained the capital of the Mughal Empire until its fall in 1857, when the British Raj took over as paramount power in India. It was once filled with mansions of nobles and members of the royal court, along with elegant mosques and gardens. Despite having become extremely crowded by recent wave of migrants from East India, it still serves as the symbolic heart of metropolitan Delhi and is known for its bazaars, street food, shopping locations and its Islamic architecture; Jama Masjid being the most notable example, standing tall in the midst of the old city. Only a few havelis are left and maintained.

Resource link by: Wikipedia

History of Daman and Diu

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Daman gets its name from the Daman Ganga River, whereas Diu gets its name from the Sanskrit word dvipa, which means "island." Both were subject to numerous local and regional powers ruling in western India from the period of the Mauryans (4th–2nd century BCE). Daman was a part of the Ramnagar state in the 13th century, which later became a tributary of the Gujarat sultans. In Kathiawar (Saurashtra), a number of dynasties controlled Diu till it succumbed to the Sultan of Gujarat in the early 15th century.

The Portuguese bought Daman and Diu as part of a big plan to control the Indian Ocean trade. In 1535, Sultan Bahdur Shah of Gujarat signed a pact with the Portuguese. The Portuguese built a fort at Diu, a key port on the thriving commerce and religious routes connecting India and the Middle East. All Gujarati ships entering and leaving the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) ports were forced to pay Portuguese taxes by the mid-1550s. A Jesuit college was built by the Portuguese in Diu. Daman gets its name from the Daman Ganga River, whereas Diu gets its name from the Sanskrit word dvipa, which means "island." Both were subject to numerous local and regional powers ruling in western India from the period of the Mauryans (4th–2nd century BCE). In the 13th century Daman formed part of the Ramnagar state, which then became a tributary of the Gujarat sultans.Similarly, numerous dynasties in Kathiawar (Saurashtra) ruled Diu until it fell to the sultan of Gujarat in the early 15th century.The Portuguese acquired Daman and Diu as part of their grand design to control the trade of the Indian Ocean. In 1535, under a treaty with Sultan Bahādur. Which was converted into the majestic Cathedral of Sé Matriz about the turn of the 17th century; the cathedral remains a landmark today.Renowned for its docks and shipbuilding yards, Daman (known in Portuguese as Damão) was conquered by the Portuguese in 1559.

Both Daman and Diu were subject to the governor-general of Goa as part of the Portuguese overseas province Estado da India (State of India). They remained under Portuguese rule for more than four centuries, though the decline of the Portuguese empire in Asia greatly diminished their strategic significance. Daman and Diu survived as outposts of Portuguese overseas territory until 1961, when they became part of India.

Resource link by: www.britannica.com

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Geography

Location of Dadra and Nagar Haveli The area of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is spread over 491 square kilometres (190 sq mi).

Its population density is 698 square kilometres (269 sq mi). Though landlocked between Gujarat to the north and Maharashtra to the south, it is close to the western coast of India (between 20°0′ and 20°25′ N latitude and between 72°50′ and 73°15′ E longitude),and the Arabian Sea can be reached via Vapi in Gujarat.Dadra and Nagar Haveli comprises two separate geographical units. The larger part—Nagar Haveli—spans a roughly C-shaped area upriver from the city of Daman on the coast, at the centre of which, straddling the border with Gujarat, is the Madhuban reservoir. The smaller enclave of Dadra is a short distance to the northwest. Dadra and Nagar Haveli is in the middle of the undulating watershed of the Daman Ganga River, which flows through Nagar Haveli and later forms the short southern border of Dadra. The towns of Dadra and Silvassa lie on the north bank of the river. The Western Ghats range rises to the east, and the foothills of the range occupy the eastern portion of the district.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli is surrounded by Valsad District of Gujarat on the west, north, and east, and by Thane District of Maharashtra on the south and southeast (after the division of Thane District, it is now surrounded by the newly formed Palghar District) Maghval is a small enclave village belonging to Gujarat that is located within Nagar Haveli, just south of Silvassa.The nearest railway station are Bhilad & Vapi in Gujarat on the Mumbai-Delhi route ( Western Railways )  Bhilad is about 14 km west of Silvassa & Vapi is about 18 km northwest of Silvassa. Mumbai is approximately 180 km from Silvassa. Surat city is about 140 km away. Mumbai and Surat are the nearest airports

Portuguese era

The Portuguese were granted the area of Nagar Haveli on 10 June 1783 on the basis of Friendship Treaty executed on 17 December 1779 as compensation towards damage to the Portuguese frigate Santana by Maratha Navy in 1772 The treaty allowed the Portuguese to collect revenue from 72 villages in Nagar Haveli.

Then, in 1785 the Portuguese purchased Dadra, annexing it to Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia).In 1818, the Maratha Empire was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and the Portuguese ultimately became the effective rulers of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.Under the Portuguese rule, Dadra and Nagar Haveli were part of the Distrito de Damão (Daman district) of the Estado da Índia (Portuguese State of India). The two territories formed a single concelho (municipality), named "Nagar Haveli", with its head in Darará until 1885 and, after that, with its head in the town of Silvassa.

The local affairs were overseen by an elected câmara municipal (municipal council), with the higher level affairs administrated by the district governor of Daman, who was represented in Nagar Haveli by an administrator.The Nagar Haveli concelho was itself divided in the following freguesias (civil parishes): Silvassa, Noroli, Dadra, Quelalunim, Randá, Darará, Cadoli, Canoel, Carchonde, and Sindonim. The Portuguese rule lasted until 1954, when Dadra and Nagar Haveli were captured by supporters of the Indian Union. It was the first colony to be detached from the Empire by the occupation of the Indian Union in 1954, after nearly two centuries of Portuguese rule.

 Resource link by: Wikipedia

 

 

 

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Face mask may refer to:

• an item of protective equipmentthat primarily guards the airways:

  • Respirator

  • Surgical mask

  • Cloth face mask

  • Dust mask

• Diving mask, for use underwater

• Facemask (orthodontics), used for correcting teeth misalignments

• Facial mask, used for cosmetic skin treatment

• Face mask (gridiron football), in sports

• A maskfor the face, typically used in rituals and performance art

• Face mask (We people), a West African wooden mask at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana, US

• Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

• Hypomimia or masked facies, a medical sign

• Full face mask, for SCUBA diving

• Simple face mask, for oxygen therapy

• All pages with titles containing face mask or face mask

• All pages with titles beginning with Face Mask

• Mask (disambiguation)

• Face (disambiguation)

 

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks, such as surgical masks and cloth masks, have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In both community and healthcare settings, their use is intended as source control to limit transmission of the virus and personal protection to prevent infection. Their function for source control is emphasized in community settings.

As the pandemic raged on, healthcare workers were required to continue wearing surgical masks for 12 or more hours a day. This caused the ear loops of the masks to chafe the back of their ears. Ear savers, plastic straps and hooks that go around wearer's heads, were invented to move the ear loops away from the wearer's ears. They could be made on demand by using 3D printing process.

9 Types of Masks and How Effective They Are

> Bandana

A bandana is a triangular or square piece of cloth that’s often worn as a head or neck covering.

Tying a bandana over your mouth and nose is a time-honored way to keep dust and other particles out of the respiratory system. (That’s why cowboys used them during roundups.)Bandanas provide some protection against droplets and cough- or sneeze-related “spray.” Without any kind of nose or mouth covering, droplets can spray more than 8 feet, according to research from Florida Atlantic University. Wearing a bandana can decrease that to about 4 feet.

> Homemade cloth mask

According to an article published in The Journal of Family Practice, single-layer masks may only provide 1% particle filtration.

A two-layer cotton mask filters out about 35% of small particles, so they offer personal protection to the wearer. Cotton face masks can decrease droplet spray from 8 feet to 2 ½ inches, which reduces the amount of potentially virus-containing particles you release into the air (were you to be infected and not know it.)The effectiveness of a homemade cloth face mask largely depends upon its construction. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, densely woven cotton fabrics, such as quilting cotton, are best. Single-layer fabric masks are less effective than double-layer masks, which may be less effective than triple-layer masks.

> T-shirt mask

Numerous online tutorials show how to craft a face mask from an old T-shirt. T-shirt masks are cheap and easy to make, but they’re not the most effective.

According to a 2013 study published in Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, T-shirt masks are one-third as effective as disposable surgical masks.The upside of T-shirt masks: they’re comfortable, as the slightly stretchy material conforms to the face. You may be able to increase the effectiveness of a T-shirt mask by using more than one layer of material.

> Store-bought cloth mask

The effectiveness of a store-bought cloth mask will depend on its construction. According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, you should look for a mask with at least three layers of fabric; ideally, you want a mask constructed from tight-weave 100% cotton cloth.A typical cloth face mask “is probably at least 50 percent” protective, while “high quality masks could be 80-95 percent protective, and even low-quality masks made of very thin materials could still be 10-20 percent protective,” according to Steffen Eikenberry, a postdoctoral scholar at Arizona State University who’s studied the effectiveness of masks.

> Cloth masks with filter

Some store-bought masks come with filter pockets; you can also make cloth masks with a pocket for a filter.

You can use folded facial tissues as a filter; simply slip the folded tissue into the filter pocket. Change the tissue filter daily.In an NPR report, May Chu, an epidemiologist at the Colorado School of Public Health, recommends using a filter of polypropylene material, a durable synthetic fabric often used in upholstery that can hold an electrostatic charge (which helps it trap small particles). Adding a polypropylene filter to a two-layer cloth mask can increase filtration efficiency from 35% to nearly 70%.Caution about vented masks: Masks with exhalation valves or vents should not be worn to help prevent the person wearing the mask from spreading COVID-19 to others. That is because the vent allows unfiltered air to escape.

> Neck gaiters and balaclavas

Outdoors enthusiasts often have neck gaiters (essentially, a tube of fabric that’s worn around the neck and can be pulled up or down, as needed, to protect the face and neck) or balaclavas (tight-fitting garments that cover the head and neck) on hand.

These can be used as mouth and nose coverings and may provide some protection against spread of the novel coronavirus.Note: many gaiters are made of synthetic fabric, and synthetic fabric doesn’t seem to be as effective in preventing the spread of small particles as natural fibers, such as cotton. What's more, a recent study found that neck gaiters made of synthetic fleece may do more harm than good because they essentially aerosolize the wearer's respiratory droplets.

> Disposable surgical mask

These flat, thin, paper-like masks are usually white and light blue. According to a 2013 study published in Aerosol Science and Technology, surgical face masks can filter out about 60% of smaller, inhaled particles. They are primarily intended to stop droplets, sprays and splatters, and studies have shown that diligently wearing surgical masks in public spaces can significantly reduce the spread of respiratory infection.Surgical masks are not designed to be used more than once. Ideally, you should dispose of a mask after wearing it.

>  Cone-style masks

Manufactured cone-style face masks are molded masks that fit over the mouth and nose; usually, there’s also a strip of metal at the top, so the wearer can secure the mask at the bridge of the nose.

According to a study by Arizona State University researchers, cone-style face masks are less effective at containing droplets and spray than cloth face masks constructed of quilting cotton. The cone-style masks are more effective than a bandana.

>  N95, KN95 and other respirators

N95 face respirators offer the most protection against novel coronavirus and other respiratory diseases. N95s protect the person wearing the mask because they filter out 95% of particles from the air breathed in. Wearing any of the other masks in the list (cotton and disposable) are intended to protect others around you from your own respiratory droplets and “spray.” However, the CDC states that cloth and disposable masks also filter particles at varying efficiencies, so they offer personal protection as well.However, N95 masks are in short supply and should be reserved for healthcare providers. The CDC does not recommend the general public wear N95 masks. In fact, if you have any N95 respirators, you should consider donating them to your local hospital for first responders.KN95 respirators are made to China specifications and standards and N95s are made to U.S. design standards. Both are rated to filter out 95% of very small particles. Buy KN95s that meet the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requirements. About 60% of KN95s in the U.S. may be fake and do not meet NIOSH requirements, according to the CDC.Even more effective than N95 respirators are the N99 (99% filtration), N100 (99.97% filtration), R95 (95% filtration, and partially resistant to oil), and P95, P99 and P100 (95%, 99% and 99.97% filtration, respectively, and strongly oil resistant). Refer to the CDC for more information on respirators.

resource link by : Wikipedia

 

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National Doctor's Day - 1st July

 

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National Doctor’s Day

History :-

The first Doctors’ Day observance was March 28, 1933, in Winder, Georgia. This first observance included the mailing of cards to the physicians and their wives, flowers placed on graves of deceased doctors, including Dr. Long, and a formal dinner in the home of Dr. and Mrs. William T. Randolph. After the Barrow County Alliance adopted Mrs. Almond's resolution to pay tribute to the doctors, the plan was presented to the Georgia State Medical Alliance in 1933 by Mrs. E. R. Harris of Winder, president of the Barrow County Alliance. On May 10, 1934,

the resolution was adopted at the annual state meeting in Augusta, Georgia. The resolution was introduced to the Women's Alliance of the Southern Medical Association at its 29th annual meeting held in St. Louis, Missouri, November 19–22, 1935, by the Alliance president, Mrs. J. Bonar White. Since then, Doctors' Day has become an integral part of and synonymous with, the Southern Medical Association Alliance.The United States Senate and House of Representatives passed S.J. RES. #366 during the 101st United States Congress, which President Bush signed on October 30, 1990 (creating Public Law 101-473), designating Doctors' Day as a national holiday to be celebrated on March 30.Dr. Marion Mass along with Dr. Kimberly Jackson and Dr. Christina Lang applied to officially have physicians day changed to physicians week. This was accepted in March 2017.In 2017 Physicians Working Together (PWT, founded by Dr. Kimberly Jackson) sponsored a series of articles in celebration of National Physicians week that were hosted on KevinMD. In 2018 PWT along with Openxmed sponsored a free online conference focusing on physician well being and advocacy. In 2019, PWT and Openxmed sponsored a scholarship program for medical students and residents. The weeklong event focuses on advocacy and supporting the physician community.

 

Celebrating nations :-

Australia

In Australia, there are various dates on which National Doctor’s Day may be recognized, the most participated being the 30th of March

Kuwait

In Kuwait, National Doctor’s Day is celebrated on the 3rd of March. The idea of this celebration came for the Kuwaiti business woman; Zahra Sulaiman Al-Moussawi. And the date was chosen due to it being the birthday of Dr. Sundus Al-Mazidi, her daughter.

Brazil

In Brazil, National Doctors' fDay is celebrated as a holiday on October 18, the day on which the Catholic Church celebrates the birthday of Saint Luke. According to the Church Tradition the apostle and Evangelist Saint Luke was a doctor, as it is written in the New Testament (Colossians 4:14)

Canada

National Physicians' Day is celebrated in Canada on May 1. The date was chosen by the Canadian Medical Association in recognition of Dr. Emily Stowe, the first female physician to practice in Canada.^[6] Senate Public Bill S-248 will officially recognise the day, if enacted

Cuba

In Cuba, National Doctors' Day is celebrated as a holiday on December 3 to commemorate the birthday of Carlos Juan Finlay. Carlos J. Finlay (December 3, 1833 – August 6, 1915) was a Cuban physician and scientist recognized as a pioneer in yellow fever research. He was the first to theorize, in 1881, that a mosquito was a carrier, now known as a disease vector, of the organism causing yellow fever: a mosquito that bites a victim of the disease could subsequently bite and thereby infect a healthy person. A year later Finlay identified a mosquito of the genus Aedes as the organism transmitting yellow fever. His theory was followed by the recommendation to control the mosquito population as a way to control the spread of the sickness.

India

In India, the National Doctors' Day is celebrated on July 1 all across India to honour the legendary physician and the second Chief Minister of West Bengal, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He was born on July 1, 1882 and died on the same date in 1962, aged 80 years.

Indonesia

Hari Dokter Nasional or National Doctor's Day is celebrated in Indonesia on 24 October each year. The day also marked with the birthday celebration of the Indonesian Doctors Association (IDI)

Iran

In Iran, Avicenna's birthday (Iranian Month: Shahrivar 1st=August 23) is commemorated as the national day for doctors.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, Doctors Day is celebrated on the 10th of October every year. It was first launched by the Federation of Private Medical Practitioners Associations, Malaysia in 2014.

Turkey

In Turkey, it is celebrated as Medicine Day on the 14th of March every year since 1919.

United States

In the United States, National Doctors' Day is a day on which the service of physicians to the nation is recognized annually. The idea came from Eudora Brown Almond, wife of Dr. Charles B. Almond, and the date chosen was the anniversary of the first use of general anesthesia in surgery. On March 30, 1842,^[16] in Jefferson, Georgia, Dr. Crawford Long used ether to anesthetize a patient, James Venable, and painlessly excised a tumor from his neck

Vietnam

Vietnam founded Doctor's Day on February 28, 1955. The day is celebrated on February 27 or sometimes dates closest to this date

Nepal

Nepal also celebrates Nepali National Doctor Day on Nepali date Falgun 20 (4 March). Since the establishment of Nepal Medical Association, Nepal has organized this day every year. The doctor-patient communication, clinical treatment, and community-based health promotion and care is discussed

Resource link by :- Wikipedia